CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Research
Design
The method is used in this study is an
experimental method. According to Sugiyono (2009, p.73), experimental method
divided into four, namely true-experimental, pre-experimental, factorial
design, and quasi experimental design. In line with this statement, the present
researcher will use a pre experimental design, by using one group experiment;
those are pre-test and post-test design.
In this case; the present researcher will analyze
the effect of mind mapping technique on reading descriptive text for the
eleventh graders of SMA 1 Praya Timur in the school year 2011/2012. After that,
present researcher gives a treatment by using mind mapping technique. To be
clear, it can be seen on the figure 1 bellow.
|
Action
|
|
Post-test
|
|
Pre-test
|
|
Experimental
Group
|
O1 X O2
Figure 1. Research Design
In the research design above, observation will
be done twice; they are before and after treatment. Observation will be done
before treatment called pre-test (O1) and observation is done after
treatment called post-test (O2) Suharsimi (2006, p.85).
The present researcher gets data from the
students of SMA 1 Praya Timur to know the effect of mind mapping technique on reading
descriptive text and to find out significance the effect is.
In this study, present researcher use test
and administrates the way to collect data such as pre-test, treatment, and
post-test. Where, the present researcher uses the same test but it uses mind
mapping become treatment. After that, the present researcher gives post-test to
the students. It can help the present researcher to overcome the problems,
there is or no the effect of mind mapping technique on reading descriptive text
for the eleventh graders of SMA 1 Praya Timur in the school year 2011/2012.
B. Setting of the Study
This study will be done at 1february 2012 until 25 February 2012 in the
first semester for the eleventh graders of SMA 1 Praya Timur in the school year 2011/2012.
C. Population and Sample of the Study
In this part, the
present researcher discusses about population and sample of the study.
1. Population
of the Study
The term of population
is defined as a set or collection of elements possessing one or more attributes
of interest (Sutrisno, 1985, p.71). While, Suharsimi (2006, p.108) states that population
is a complete set of individuals or subjects that have some common observable
characteristics.
Based on the theories
above, the population of this research is the entire eleventh graders of SMA 1 Praya Timur in the school year
2011/2012 which consists of three classes. The numbers of students for those
classes are 120 students as shown in table 1 bellow.
Table 1: The
Population of the Study
|
No.
|
Class
|
Sum of Population
|
|
1
|
X11
|
40 Students
|
|
2
|
XI2
|
40 Students
|
|
3
|
XI3
|
40 Students
|
|
|
TOTAL
|
120 Students
|
2. Sample
of the Study
According to Gay (1992, p.125), sample
is a number of individuals for a study in such a way that the individuals
represent the larger group from which they are selected. Reffering to this theory, the present reseacher takes one class from the total of population by
using cluster sampling. This technique will be used because the population are supposed that they are heterogeneous. After that, the present reseacher takes one class by using lottery.
As the result, the class X2 is chosen as the sample of the study which consists
of 40 students.
D. Data Collection
- Identifying the Variables
Based on the title of
this study, there are two variables. First variable is mind mapping technique
as independent variable, and the second variable is students’ reading
descriptive text score that is observed and measured to determine the effect of
independent variable (Hatch and Frahady, 1982, p.15).
- Defining Operationally the Variables
a.
Mind mapping technique is a strategy for
note-making, in other words, scribbling down ideas about a topic and developing
those ideas as the mind makes associations Hedge
(as cited in Desi, 2009).
b.
Reading descriptive text
is an activity to get information from written text. Where in this activity,
there is interaction between the author and the writer because the writer
delivers her/his idea to the readers through the texts in this case descriptive
text Gibbons (1993, p.51).
- Instrument of the Study
Instrument is a tool to
collect the data of the study. Data are needed to solve the problems and to
prove the hypothesis. So instrument denote as the main key in research
activity, at the same time it determines the quality of research (Suharsimi,
2006, p.149). Referring to this explanation, the instrument which will be used
in this research is the test. A test is a series of the questions or exercises
or other instruments are used to measure the skill, knowledge, intelligence,
ability or talent possessed by individual or groups (Suharsimi, 2006, p.150).
An instrument that
will be used in a research must be valid. Validity refers to the degree to
which a test measures what is supposed to be measured (Gay 1992, p.161).
Suharsimi (2006, p.168) notes that an instrument will be valid if it is able to
measure what should be measured.
Based on the theories
above, the present researcher will use test that will be taken from English
course book for Senior High School and it based on the standard in Indonesia
curriculum for eleventh graders in reading aspect as considerations in
formulating test.
The present researcher
does not try out the test but the present researcher uses two kinds of validity
namely; construct validity and content validity.
1. Construct validity
According to
Nurgiyantoro (2009, p.104), construct validity refers to the extent to which
the results of the data collection process can be interpreted in terms of
underlying psychological construct.
Meanwhile, Purwanto
(2008, p.138) notes that the test has construct validity if the test correlated
to the theory and concept of the material that has been taught. The instrument
has construct validity if there is a relationship between theory and concept of
the competence needed to accomplish the tests in this study. The instrument will
be consulted to English teacher, and a course book is being used for Senior
High School level. So, it is categorized into a valid test.
2. Content validity
According to
Nurgiyantoro (2009, p.103), content validity refers to the extent to which data
collection process measures a representative sample of the subject matter or
behavior that should be encompassed by the operational definition. In addition
Purwanto (2008, p.138) states that the test has content validity if the scope
and content of the test based on the curriculum that has been taught.
Relates to this study,
the content of the test will be taken from English course book for Senior High
School is being used in SMA 1 Praya Timur
in the school year 2011/2012 and it based on the standard in Indonesia
curriculum for eleventh graders in reading aspect as considerations in
formulating test.
3. Reliability of Instrument
Reliability is very important of a test to get
reliable result of measurement.
Reliability is stability of the test if it is used, a test is called reliable
if it is obtained the stable data or consistent if it is used to measure the
same test in other time and place. The reliability of a measuring instrument is
the degree of consistency with it measures whatever it is measuring (Suharsimi,
2006: 178).
To know about the
reliability of the test, the present researcher used the KR–20 formula as
follow:
r11 =
Where:
: The reliability of instruments
: The number of test item
: Total Variant
q = 1-p
The question is
called reliable if r11> r-table, with significance level is 5%
(Suharsimi, 2006: 189)
Based on the result of analysis, the present
researcher found that r11 > r-test, it meant that the instrument
was reliable because r11 = 0.96 and r-table = 0.404. (See Appendix
6)
- Technique of Data Collection
Collecting the data in this study, the present
researchers will use test. The present researcher administrates the way to
collect data as follow:
a.
Pre-test
The present researcher administrates pre-test to the
students. The pre-test is multiple choice form which consist of four options
(a, b, c, and d).
b.
Treatment (teaching and learning process)
The present researcher teaches students about the
material for experimental in pre-test and post-test. In this case, the present
researcher uses mind mapping technique.
c.
Post-test
The present researcher administrates post-test to the
students. The test is similar with the pre-test. However, the post-test will be
given after the treatment by using mind mapping technique.
E. Data Analysis
In this part, the present researcher describes the technique of data analysis in which consist
of description of the data and hypothesis testing.
1. Descriptive
Statistics
In this part, the
present researcher uses descriptive statistic to describe the result of the
study. It is used to determine the data into high, average, and categories in
which Mi ideal mean score and SDi is ideal standard deviation for the purpose
by the following formula:
Mi + SDi up to Mi + 3SDi
= High
Mi – SDi up to < Mi +
1SDi = Average
Mi – 3SDi up to < Mi
– 1SDi = Low
Mi = 1/2 x (Maximum score + Minimum score)
SDi = 1/6 x (Maximum
score + Minimum score)
Nurkencana and Sumartana
(1990, p. 89)
2. Hypothesis
Testing
To analyze the
hypothesis testing which is aimed to know whether the alternative hypothesis is
accepted or not, the present researcher uses the following formula:
Where:
Md = mean of pre-test and post-test
∑x2d
= sum of deviation
N = subject
(Arikunto, 2006, p.275)
The hypothesis criteria, if:
ttable ≤ ttest, it
means that Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected
ttable ≥ ttest, it
means that Ha is rejected and Ho is accepted
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